Urban Cruise Ship

Examples

We have proposed a number of strategies to internalize costs or benefits of activities through taxes or subsidies.

Area	Externalized Cost or Benefit	Proposed Action	See Also
Carbon Dioxide	CO₂ emissions do harm to the environment and future generations	Carbon tax	Energy Pricing
Learning By Doing	As a technology is deployed, costs fall, benefiting all producers	Subsidize nascent technology	Clean Energy Deployment
Research and Development	R&D benefits all producers and society	Subsidize or public involvement in R&D	Research and Development
Diet	Environmental costs of meat production	Meat tax	Impacts of Diets
Antibiotic Resistance	Use of antibiotics, especially in animal agriculture, creates disease risk	Tax on antibiotics for livestocks	Risks in the Agricultural System
Water	Economic and environmental costs of providing water often not priced	Water markets	Water Usage
Wildfires	Cost of firefighting is external to development in wildland-urban-interface	Incorporate firefighting costs into development fees	Wildfire Management
Mining	Environmental costs of mining and clean-up are not reflected in mining costs	Mining tax	Environmental Impacts of Mining
Ecosystem Services	Value of nature is not reflected in markets	Ecosystem service tax for development	Environmental Valuation
Infrastructure	Cost of infrastructure is not taken into account well in new development	Development fees should incorporate infrastructure and service cost	Costs from Sprawl
Traffic Congestion	Taking up road space imposes unpriced costs on other motorists	Congestion pricing	Latent and Induced Demand
Recycling	Unrecycled material is a lost economic opportunity	Tax on landfilling	Landfill Taxation
Orbital Congestion	Satellites add an external cost in the form of risk of collision	Orbital Use Fee	Orbital Debris